Posts Tagged ‘stock’

How to Fool Some of the People Most of the Time.

Friday, May 1st, 2009

We all know that monkeys (or darts) can pick stocks just as well as most fund managers.  Why? The amrkets are very close to being efficient.  Thus any fund manager, in theory, has no advantage over any other unless he knows something the markets don’t (and most of the time they do).

But we do know that certain managers seem to consistently pick good stocks… so do they know something everyone else doesn’t?  Probably not.  In a pool of 1,000 fund managers we would expect that a handful will have a great record, and a handful will have a terrible record… but most will be average… even if they all pick their stock portfolio’s at random.

The human mind, being a great pattern recognizer, has a terribly difficult time accepting the fact that good performance over an extended time period (for a complex prediction problem like the stock markets) may just be a product of randomness.

And thus here is a wonderful method for fooling some people most of the time – the example is for convincing people to purchase your pick for this year’s super bowl winner:

  1.  Start off with a list of 132,000 people for each football team.
  2.  Week 1 of NFL football, send out predictions for each team to the corresponding list.  For each team make 50% of the predictions on the list wins, and the other 50% losses.
  3. Week 2 of NFL, for those on the list who had a correct prediction, repeat step 2.
  4. Week 3 – 16, repeat step 3 taking the previous week’s winners and assigning a random prediction.
  5. By week 16 (the super bowl), there will be 16  teams playing and for each team you’ll be left with about 1 person for whom your prediction has been correct every single week.
  6. Offer each of the 16 people the chance to buy your predictions for the playoff at 100 dollars the first round, 500 dollars the second round, $1,000 dollars for the Championship, and $5,000 for the super bowl.
  7. Assign a win prediction to each person left, as their team cruises towards the Super Bowl the will more and more excitedly hand you their money (and gamble off their life savings).
  8. After the Super Bowl offer the winner the chance to purchase next seasons predictions for the low price of $1k, but only if he signs up each of his friends for $1k each.
  9. Take your $40k (assuming you get your Super Bowl winner and 10 of his friends to purchase for next year), and head to Mexico… try not to get Bernie Madoffed.

In the world of stocks the above example is equivalent to having a 20 year track record of excellent returns!

Now you tell me… how much of your hard earned money do you want to invest in my mutual fund? Really… with a track record like ours… how much could you possibly lose?

Hedging your investments… explained

Wednesday, November 12th, 2008

When most think of hedge funds they think of big fat cats sitting around in some office with billions at their disposal rolling the dice on risky futures and derivatives.   While this might be true in some cases it doesn’t explain what a hedge, or a hedgefund does.  And let’s start by eliminating the obvious… a hedgefund does not invest in thick bushes that line driveways :-)

Any investment can be considered a hedge if it helps to reduce the risk of overall loss due to a seperate (usually larger) investment.

The best way to think about a hedge investment is with an example that we should all know very well, cars and car insurance.

When one purchases a vehicle there are two financial sums at risk… the vehicle itself and the damage caused to others or yourself in an accident.  It may happen that while I’m driving my $50k hummer down the highway I, oblivious to the rest of the world, crash into another Hummer (who is equally oblivious to the real world).  Since the accident is my fault I’m now on the hook for my hummer, the other hummer and all medical bills… let’s say $200k all together.  Luckily I hedged against catastrophic loss by taking out a comprehensive auto-insurance policy for $100 a month… they pay for everything.  I’m free to return to my irresponsible hummer driving ways!

Notice that for $100 a month, my hedge has the ability to pay out $200k when a predefined event occurs, this is called leverage: the ability for a small sum of money to control a large sum.

Hedging is not limited to insurance though.  In the stock market one can easily hedge against significant loss via Put and Call options.  If I sell a Put option to some other investor, we’ve agreed that I can “put” my stock on him (sell it to him) for an agreed upon price.  In exchange for the risk that the Put option buyer takes on, I agree to pay him a small fee…say 5% of my stock’s value.  When my stock shoots up 10% the put option gives me no advantage and I keep my stock.   But perhaps it loses 20%… I then shovel off the stock to the purchaser of the put contract for its agreed upon value.  Now instead of losing 20%, I’ve only lost 5%.

Notice:  5% of the stock’s original value creates a contract to control 100% of it’s value.  Again, we see leverage here.

A Call option works the other way, it is an agreement between me and a holder of some stock such that I can “call” him up and purchase the stock for an agreed upon price.  In this case I pay the owner 5% to buy the stock at a certain price.  When the price of the stock shoots up and above our agreed upon price by 20% I excercise my option to buy and purchase the stock for a 20% discount.  If the stock fails to increase in value the owner of the stock makes a 5% profit and I lose the nominal value of the call option.

Again, for 5% I can gain control of 100%.

The essential feature here is that I can take on another’s risk or dish out some of my risk for profit.  No problems here with massive default.

However, what if I don’t have stock to sell options on or the money to purchase the asset indicated in the contract?  I can go naked! wooohooo!!

No not that kind of naked.  Going naked means that you sell someone the option to “put” stock on you without having the money to pay for that stock (which would cause a default on your side).  Likewise you can also sell the right for someone to “call” you on your stock.  In both cases you collect the 5% fee, but you’d better hope that the conditions don’t force you to to have to purchase the requisite amount of stock in order to fulfill the contract[1].

Selling naked options is not hedging, it’s highly leveraged speculation and is ill-advised.

Hedging is not limited to what has been shown above.  Almost any investment can be a hedge as long as it protects against loss from another investment … the possibilities are almost limitless, for example: biodiesel hedges against rising oil, hay bails against rising drywall costs, Japanese steel against American Steel, Apple vs. Microsoft etc.

Perhaps one of the most common hedges in the average person’s life (besides car insurance) is the common resume and occasional job application.  That’s right, hedge against income and job loss by keeping one foot in the door of another company… it only takes a little bit of your time.

  1. this is called securities fraud and => jail []